Discuss Analog and Digital Transmission

Here is a small but helpful discussion about analog and digital transmission.

i. Analog Transmission:- In an analog transmission system, signals propagate through the medium as continuously varying electromagnetic waves. In a digital system, signals propagate as discrete voltage pulses (that is, a positive voltage represents binary 1, and a negative voltage represents binary 0), which are measured in bits per second. The medium for an analog transmission may be twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, optical-fiber cable, the atmosphere, water, or space. A technique called "modulation" is used to combine an input signal (the data) onto a carrier signal. The carrier signal is a specific frequency. When tuning a radio, you select a particular carrier frequency in order to tune in that radio station. There are two primary modulation techniques: amplitude modulation, which varies the amplitude (height) of the carrier signal; frequency modulation, which modulates the frequency of the carrier.A modem converts digital data to analog signals. Alternatively, analog signals can be converted to digital information using a codec (coder/decoder). This process is called digitizing.

ii. Digital Transmission:-Digital signal is a discontinuous signal that changes from one state to another in discrete steps. A popular form of digital modulation is binary, or two level, digital modulation. In binary modulation the optical signal is switched from a low-power level (usually off) to a high-power level. There are a number of modulation techniques used in digital systems, but these will not be discussed here. For more information on digital modulation techniques, refer to the References listed in appendix 2. Line coding is the process of arranging symbols that represent binary data in a particular pattern for transmission. The most common types of line coding used in fiber optic communications include non-return-to-zero (NRZ), return-to-zero (RZ), and biphase, or Manchester.

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